Question 1 - Brief history of TV in the UK and abroad

Brief History of TV in the UK and abroad?

Public television broadcasting started in 1936, there are over 400 channels and for consumers there is on-demand content. On demand content is where you can watch programmes from the past seven days. You can watch television from many different ways, from the ordinary television also on – demand and live streaming from your Pc and your games console. In the UK there were two names who thought they invented the television these were Campbell – Swinton and John Logie Baird. Campbell – Swinton thought of the concept of the TV and John Logie Baird for the televisions practical demonstration.

The systems that are used in America and Canada is called NTSC, in Western Europe and Australia they use a system called PAL and in the Eastern Europe and France they use SECAM, without  standards conversion it is impossible to view one of these programmes in a different country.

As you will see in the tables below are the differences between SECAM, NTSC and PAL the differences you will find are the lines/field this means a complete video frame in the 525 line system consists of an even line field followed by an odd line field. In the 625 line system, a complete video frame consists of an odd line field followed by an even line field. Also horizontal frequency which is where the CRT moves from one side to the other, you will also fins vertical frequency which is where the CRT moves from the bottom to the top. Also the video bandwidth which is the minimum analogue bandwidth required to reproduce the smallest amount of detail contained in the video signal. The last two are the colour sub carrier this is the frequency that the colour information is at.  The higher the frequency the better results and finally the sound carrier is the frequency that sound information is at.  

NTSC NATIONAL TELEVISION SYSTEM COMMITTIEE

Lines/Field	525/60
Horizontal Frequency	15.734 kHz
Vertical Frequency	60 Hz
Colour Subcarrier Frequency	3.579545 MHz
Video Bandwidth	4.2 MHz
Sound Carrier	4.5 MHz

PAL PHASE ALTERNATING LINE

SYSTEM	PAL	PAL N	PAL M
Line/Field	625/50	625/50	525/60
Horizontal Freq.	15.625 kHz	15.625 kHz	15.750 kHz
Vertical Freq.	50 Hz	50 Hz	60 Hz
Colour Sub Carrier	4.433618 MHz	3.582056 MHz	3.575611 MHz
Video Bandwidth	5.0 MHz	4.2 MHz	4.2 MHz
Sound Carrier	5.5 MHz	4.5 MHz	4.5 MHz

SECAM SEQUENTIAL COLOUR WITH MEMORY

SYSTEM	SECAM B,G,H	SECAM D,K,K1,L
Line/Field	625/50	625/50
Horizontal Frequency	15.625 kHz	15.625 kHz
Vertical Frequency	50 Hz	50 Hz
Video Bandwidth	5.0 MHz	6.0 MHz
Sound Carrier	5.5 MHz	6.5 MHz

In the 1920’s a lot happened for television in 1922 on the 18^th October a British broadcasting company was formed, and then in 1923 a big step for TV there was the first daily weather broadcast. In 1924 a lot happened there was the first religious service broadcasted and the first Greenwich Time signal broadcasted, also the first broadcast by King George V. Then in 1926 John Logie Baird succeeds in transmitting Television pictures, On the first of January the BBC was established by Royal Charter as the British Broadcasting as the British Broadcasting Corporation. The first running commentary on a sports event was a rugby international match between England and Wales at Twickenham. Then to finish of the 1920’s John Baird experimented 30 – line television.

In the 1930’s the BBC started to broadcast Orchestra’s, Until 1936 there has always been a male TV announcer but on the 31^st August Elizabeth Cowell  entered the television world and became the first Female television announcer. In 1937 there was two big events for TV on the 12^th May there was the first use of TV outside a broadcast van. On the 30^th April 1938 it was a big time for sports fans as the first televised coverage of the FA Cup final. In the 1940’s not a lot happened for television, but then entered the 1950’s this is where a lot of television programmes started to be broadcasted, In the 1960’s a big event for television this was when  Princess Margret got married and it was being broadcasted on television also the Grand National. Also loads more TV shows started to be broadcasted, the first Doctor Who started in the 1960’s. In the 1970’s more and more television programmes started to be broadcasted, television was becoming more and more popular by the minute. As the years went by more and more television programmes started to be made and broadcasted, there was nothing new from the 1970’s onwards as everything was created before the 1970’s the only thing you could improve on your television was the size of the screen, as we hit the year 2000 flat screen TV’s started to be developed these were much smaller than the box televisions sets. Once everything was done in television they decided to add better graphics HD is very popular in most TV’s now.

As you have read the television has increasingly expanded throughout the years has gone by new programmes better pictures and the TV itself, we are in the year 2011 and they are still trying to make the television even better as 3D has come into the picture you can pick up television’s with special glasses so you can see the picture coming out to you. As the TV has gotten better through the years the price of one has also increased.

25 Second Jingle

In the 2nd week of our course we created are own 25 second radio jingle. Our task was to create a product which we would then advertise on the radio, this would include sounds (which would have to be catchy to draw the listener in). First of all we listened to other radio jingles, to find out what we would need to include and how they sound. Once we researched other jingles, we found a tune on the internet, we produced our own 5 second jingle on Logic Pro, which is a software found on the Apple Macs, we produced this by pressing the keys which acted as a small keyboard, if you went into the library there was some 3 second demos, which we would then ,ix it all together.

This process created our own 5 second jingle. Even though it was only 5 second it still was hard because your jingle had to work with the tune that you found on the internet and it had to match your own product, my product was a radio which when you listened to it, it would puff a refreshing smell so you can feel relaxed, this also helps health and safety because then you don’t have a refresher hanging down which could distract you.

If you wanted you could add some special effects, because my 25 second jingle was being advertised I added a special radio effect which is associated with radio. Other people used different effects like glass smashing and scream, this gave it a sound of professionalism. It would also draw the listener in to pay attention to the advert. Once we finished with the sounds, we then entered the important part of the task which was to add are own voice to the jingle which would complete the 25 second jingle, we had to go down to Chris the technician to collect some recorders. We would have to find a quite spot to record you advertising your product this had to be around 10 seconds long.

Pinhole Camera

 

I brought in a Pringles tube to the college to use as my pinhole camera. I then marked a square near the centre of the tube, with an hb pencil. Then I cut out the hole with a pen knife.
I then painted the inside of the tube matt black, I had to use a long paintbrush otherwise I could not reach the bottom. Then I had to dry the paint which was very difficult, I had to go into the toilets because the hand dryer was better in the toilets.
I then was giving a piece of tin foil which is going to be the lens; the lens captures the light from the subject and brings it to focus on the film paper. I cut out the tin foil and made it the right size for the hole, and I was given a pair of scissors so I could straighten out the foil. I stuck the foil over the hole with same gaffer tape so it would secure the lens on the tube.
A flap (shutter) was added to my tube so when I would finish the picture I would place it over the foil so no light would enter. The shutter controls the length of the time that the light hits the recording surface. and the last step of making my Pinhole camera was I got a pin and made a hole in the centre of the foil this is were the light enters onto the photographic paper to make image, this is known as the aperture, the size of the aperture and the brightness of the scene controls the amount of light that enters the camera during the period of time.
Once my tube was complete and dry I entered the dark room, and got some photographic paper and placed it in my tube (making sure the shiny side was facing the lens), then to make sure no light would enter I got some card and placed it over the top of the tube and tied elastic band around it.
Everything was ready so I went down into the Atrim and placed my camera on one of the seats and waited for 8 minutes (that was the time we worked out using f stops this was the sum- 72/0.8=f-90) once 8 minutes had gone I then went upstairs into the dark room and placed my photographic paper in the first chemical for 30 seconds to a minute, then transferred it into some water for 20 seconds and then into the last chemical for 30 seconds.
Once my fist picture was in the dark room drying out, I did the same process but did a picture outside and only had to leave it for 75 seconds (1 minute 15 seconds) and then repeated the process in the dark room, once both pictures were dry I put them into a tray and brought them into the class room so I could get my first proper look.
A couple of things went wrong during my pinhole camera development, one being the paint in my tube did not dry, and I was drying my tube for 30 minutes to 45 minutes. The other problem I had was one of my pictures came out completely black this was because it was underexposed.

The things I would change would be the actual camera body, I used a Pringles tube but found it hard to paint it and drying was a nightmare, also because of the shape of the camera (circle) the picture curved so all the lines went dodgy so using a flat surface would make the picture more clearer. Another thing I would change would be the positioning of the camera, in the Atrim I would of liked to of taken a aerial image instead of a wide shot because I got a lot of people walking past which made the picture blur a bit, when if it is aerial it would focus more on the detail in the Atrim not the people walking past.
The purpose of using a pinhole camera is to show photographers (me) how images are made by just using light.
At the end of the making of the camera and producing the pictures I ended up with two really good photos of the Atrim and the college car park.
I also researched other pinhole camera websites and discovered how different they all are compared to mine, they are different to mine because there was just pictures but hardly any writing telling other people how they done it, when I did more writing and there are only a couple of images, the other artists have a lot of photos and more experience then me but I feel I did well in how I did my first pinhole camera images.
Photography started within the pinhole camera, and then in 1604 Johannes Kepler added a lens and made the camera easier to move around. Then an English scientist Robert Boyle made a portable camera obscure in the 1660's. The first camera obscure that was small and portable enough for a simple use was built by Johann Zhan in 1685. At this time there was no way to save the images produced by these cameras apart from finding them within the camera. However in 1724, Johann Heinrich Schultz discovered that a silver and chalk mixture darkens under exposure to light. The first permanent photograph was made in 1826 by Joseph Nicephore Niepce using a sliding wooden box camera. The development of the wet plate process by Frederick Scott Archer in 1850 cut exposure times a lot, but required photographers to get ready and develop their glass plates on the spot, usually in a darkroom. The first colour photograph was made by James Clerk Maxwell, with the help of Thomas Sutton; in 1861.The electronic video camera was invented in the 1920s, starting a line of development that eventually came in digital cameras, which came in the 21st century.